A neural interface is an engineered device designed to exchange information with the nervous system. Signals can be introduced by localized electrical stimulation of neurons, and information can be captured by recording the electrical activity of neurons over time. Injuries to peripheral nerves or the spinal cord often result in catastrophic loss of function—limbs and organs become disconnected by the equivalent of cut wires.
Figure 1. This cross section of a sciatic nerve shows the tight bundling of nerve fibers. The whitish rims are sheaths of myelin that wrap around myelinated nerves. Severing of a nerve bundle results in loss of physiological communication in two directions. Motor instructions in one direction and sensory and feedback information in the other vanish into the gap between the cut nerve ends. Neural interfaces are bioengineered devices designed to introduce information into the nervous system and eavesdrop on messages passing through the nerve channel. “Plugging in” to the nervous system is a commonplace of science fiction; in reality, interfacing with neural structures presents daunting medical and engineering challenges. In this article, Warren M. Grill reviews the problems and solutions that have emerged in the pursuit of stable, specific, high-fidelity, high-density communication between neurons and external devices. At stake are potentially life-changing therapies for individuals who have lost physiological function through neurological injury or disease, including potential restoration of lost motor function, recovery of feedback control over organ function and many other applications.
Dr. Richard Kessel and Dr. Randy Kardon/Tissues and Organs/Visuals Unlimited/Corbis
To discuss our articles or comment on them, please share them and tag American Scientist on social media platforms. Here are links to our profiles on Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn.
If we re-share your post, we will moderate comments/discussion following our comments policy.
American Scientist Comments and Discussion
To discuss our articles or comment on them, please share them and tag American Scientist on social media platforms. Here are links to our profiles on Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn.
If we re-share your post, we will moderate comments/discussion following our comments policy.